Symptoms of Dyslexia
Children with dyslexia are not all alike. The only trait they share is that they read at levels significantly lower than is typical for children of their age and intelligence. This reading lag is described in terms of grade level. Dyslexics commonly have one or more of the following problems:
* Difficulty learning and remembering printed words
* Letter reversal (b for d, p for q), number reversals (6 for 9), and changed order of letters in words (tar for rat, quite for quiet) or numbers (12 for 21)
* Leaving out or inserting words while reading
* Confusing vowel sounds or substituting one consonant for another
* Persistent spelling errors
* Difficulty writing
Other characteristics sometimes include:
* Delayed or inadequate speech
* Trouble picking the right word to fit the meaning desired when speaking
* Problems with direction (up and down) and time (before and after, yesterday and tomorrow)
* Clumsiness
Diagnosis of Dyslexia
A physician will obtain a medical history and perform a physical exam in order to rule out other causes of reading difficulty, including vision problems. Testing by a psychologist is often recommended.
Treatment of Dyslexia
Educators and psychologists generally agree that the remedial focus should be on the specific learning problems of dyslexics. Therefore, the usual treatment approach is to modify teaching methods and the educational environment.
Children suspected of being dyslexic should be tested by a psychologist. By using a variety of tests, it is possible to identify the types of mistakes that are most commonly made. The examiner then can make specific recommendations for treatment such as tutoring, summer school, speech therapy, or placement in special classes.
Treatment programs for dyslexic children fall into three general categories: developmental, corrective, and remedial. Some programs combine elements from more than one category.
The developmental approach involves the use of methods that have previously been used in the belief that these methods are sound and that the child needs extra time and attention.
The corrective approach uses small groups in tutorial sessions, but it emphasizes a child's assets and interests. Those who use this method hope to encourage children to rely on their own special abilities to overcome their difficulties.
Proponents of the remedial approach try to resolve the specific educational and psychological problems that interfere with learning.
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